Bacillus Firmus

Antagonistic Activity

Images of Bacillus firmus transformed with the green fluorescent protein gene damaging Meloidogyne incognita eggs captured using laser scanning confocal microscopy.

Images of transmitted (left) and fluorescence (right) channels in Z projection. Scale bar: 10 μm. Nematode eggs autofluoresce red after 3, 5, and 10 days of incubation at 35°C.

Mode of Action

• Produces enzymes proteases and chitinases that break down the nematode’s protective cuticle. The cuticle is a hard protective layer which shields the nematode from predators and environmental exposures. By breaking down the cuticle, it kills nematodes naturally.
• Produces toxic compounds lipopeptides and polyketides. These compounds are released when the nematodes in soil are in contact with the powder or its spores. The toxic compounds can disrupt the metabolic processes, leading to paralysis and death.
• Produces substances for nematode treatment, which disrupts the formation of the eggs and larvae to kill nematodes naturally.
• Enhances plant growth and nutrient uptake. It does this by producing plant growth-prom oting substances indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins, and cytokinins. These substances stimulate root growth and increase nutrient absorption, leading to improved crop yields.

Benefit

• Biological control: Inhibits the growth of nematodes in soil by producing secondary metabolites antibiotics, enzymes, and volatile compounds.
• Improved nutrient availability: Improves yield by solubilizing minerals.
• Plant growth promotion: Produces substances which can stimulate root growth, increase nutrient absorption, and enhance stress tolerance.
• Enhanced soil health: Contributes to enhanced soil health by improving soil structure and increasing microbial diversity. This can result in improved water retention, nutrient cycling, and overall soil health.

Application Rate

• For soil treatment, 3 kg per acre before and after sowing/planting. Reapplication at 1 kg per acre is recommended every 4 weeks for season-long control. It can be applied via drench, drip-irrigation, or by spray while sowing to the cultivation medium to kill nematodes naturally.
• For seed treatment, mix it with water (200 gram /100 kgs seed) and apply to seed ensuring even coverage. It should only be applied through a properly-calibrated seed treatment machine to high quality undamaged seed.

Overall benefits of choosing Bacillus firmus over chemical insecticides

• Safer for the environment and human health
• Effective nematode treatment without negative side effects
• Sustainable solution for long-term crop protection